And, the angle between v and B be . {\displaystyle x\gg R} In such computations it is often assumed that each (same-size) small piece of magnetic material has an equally strong magnetism, but this is not always true: The strength of magnetism of an electromagnet that is a flat loop of wire through which a current flows, measured at a distance that is great compared to the size of the loop, is proportional to that current and is proportional to the surface area of that loop. F = qvB sin . 6. Your thumb shows the direction of magnetic field and four fingers show direction of current. The force between two identical cylindrical bar magnets placed end to end at great distance In the Ampre model, there is also a force on a magnetic dipole due to a non-uniform magnetic field, but this is due to Lorentz forces on the current loop that makes up the magnetic dipole. Far away from a magnet, its magnetic field is almost always described (to a good approximation) by a dipole field characterized by its total magnetic dipole moment, m. This is true regardless of the shape of the magnet, so long as the magnetic moment is non-zero. Taking B to be uniform over a length of wire l and zero elsewhere, the total magnetic force on the wire is then F = ( qvdB sin ) ( N ), where N is the number of charge carriers in the section of wire of length l. This is also known as the magnetic field strength; It is measured in units of Tesla (T); The force F on a conductor carrying current I at right angles to a magnetic field with flux density B is defined by the equation; F = BIL sin. In an air gap the flux density is exactly proportional to field strength (and thus current). The direction of magnetic field can be determined by . [6] In the limit If like poles are facing each other though, they are repulsed from the larger magnetic field. The translation motion is perpendicular to the magnetic field and is a consequence of the rotation of the microswimmer, not of an externally applied force. The magnetic force is given by: F m = q v B Where q is the charge, v is the velocity, and B is the magnetic field. Push the plunger in until it is retained by the field. The force acting on this charge is given by, F = qvBsin ( ) Considering the magnetic field B, to be uniform over the length "l" of the wire and zero everywhere else. The force acts in a direction perpendicular to both the velocity and the magnetic field. 4) The force due to the field does not go along . It will say that its inductance is changing. You have already studied in detail the force due to the electric field. R The restraining cord is essential unless you want to be hit in the eye by a lump of iron moving at very high speed :-). One point to note, though, is that flux density is limited by saturation to below about 1.6 teslas. To do this, we may sum contributions from points along the path traced out by the particle, i.e., \[W \approx \sum_{n=1}^N \Delta W ({\bf r}_n) \nonumber \], where \({\bf r}_n\) are positions defining the path. This physics video tutorial focuses on topics related to magnetism such as magnetic fields & force. If the magnet is aligned with the magnetic field, corresponding to two magnets oriented in the same direction near the poles, then it will be drawn into the larger magnetic field. x As a result of the EUs General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). and where \(\mathcal{S}\) is the surface through which the flux is calculated. The force is given by dF = idl B. One tool for determining the direction of the velocity vector of a moving charge, the magnetic field, and the force exerted is labeling the index finger "V", the middle finger "B", and the thumb "F" with your right hand. The magnetic force is a consequence of the electromagnetic force, one of the four fundamental forces of nature, and is caused by the motion of charges. More precisely, the term magnetic moment normally refers to a system's magnetic dipole moment, which produces the first term in the multipole expansion[note 1] of a general magnetic field. This surprising result may be summarized as follows: Instead, the change of potential energy associated with the magnetic field must be completely due to a change in position resulting from other forces, such as a mechanical force or the Coulomb force. Because this is a cross product, the force is perpendicular to both the motion of the particle and the magnetic field. Without laminated iron (which is only found in solenoids designed for AC operation) the reading will be affected by large eddy current losses. What happens is that the axis of the rod will be drawn into alignment with the field - like a compass needle. 8. Therefore I = 0.138 amps. The magnitude of the force is given by idlB sin , where is the angle between B and dl. Positive and negative magnetic charge is always connected by a string of magnetized material; isolated magnetic charge does not exist. 6, the Force acting on the charge is not dependent upon velocity, but only on electric field. If it is oppositely aligned, such as the case of two magnets with like poles facing each other, then the magnet will be repelled from the region of higher magnetic field. Since the gap containing the resistor is infinitesimally small, \[V_T = \oint_{\mathcal C} \left[ {\bf v} \times {\bf B} \right] \cdot d{\bf l} \nonumber \], where \(\mathcal{C}\) is the perimeter formed by the loop, beginning at the \(-\) terminal of \(V_T\) and returning to the \(+\) terminal of \(V_T\). This page titled 2.5: Force, Energy, and Potential Difference in a Magnetic Field is shared under a CC BY-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Steven W. Ellingson (Virginia Tech Libraries' Open Education Initiative) . The change in potential energy can be quantified using the concept of work, \(W\). The core cross sectional area, A = (0.006/2)2 = 2.8310-5 m2. This is given by \(q [ v \times B ]\) Of primary concern, however, is the magnetomotive force needed to establish a certain flux density, B in a unit length of the magnetic circuit. It follows that the magnetic force does no work on the particle; it may change the direction of the particle's movement, but it cannot cause it to speed up or slow down. Similarly, objects with charge moving in opposite directions have a repulsive force . The AC current is a time-varying current and it is often a sine-wave.Thus, the magnetic is also time-varying.There are several techniques for generating high-frequency magnetic field as discussed below.The magnetic field intensity or strength is depended on the alternating current. , the results are erroneous as the force becomes large for close-to-zero distance. The magnetic force can be expressed as: F=q [E (r)+vB (r)] This force is called the Lorentz Force. Inside the iron the lines will be quite concentrated (though parallel to the original field). The same situations that create magnetic fields charge moving in a current or in an atom, and intrinsic magnetic dipoles are also the situations in which a magnetic field has an effect, creating a force. The force exerted by a magnetic field on a charged moving particle is known as Lorentz force. The simplest example of this is the attraction of opposite poles of two magnets. F = Bqvsine, here since the force is in right angles to the magnitude of the velocity and the magnetic field of the charge the value will be 90. Magnetic field around a circular wire is calculated by the formula; B=2k.i/r Direction of the magnetic field at the center of the circle is found with right hand rule. M A charged particle that is moving with velocity v in a magnetic field B will feel a magnetic force F. Since the magnetic force always pulls sideways to the direction of motion, the particle moves in a circle. You cannot access byjus.com. the point dipole approximation is obtained. B Classically, the force between two magnetic poles is given by:[1]. Magnetic field strength. The pole description is useful to practicing magneticians who design real-world magnets, but real magnets have a pole distribution more complex than a single north and south. This model produces good approximations that work even close to the magnet when the magnetic field becomes more complicated, and more dependent on the detailed shape and magnetization of the magnet than just the magnetic dipole contribution. This law can be expressed as a cross vector product: the force (repulsion or attraction) between two magnetic poles (in a medium) is directly proportional to the product of their polar force and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. Induced emf due to rotation of a conducting rod in a uniform magnetic field e = \(\frac{1}{2}\) Bwl 2 = Bnl 2 = BAn where n is the frequency of rotation. by the formula, The effective magnetic dipole moment can be written as. Thus, \[\begin{align} {\bf v} \times {\bf B} &= \hat{\bf z}v \times \hat{\bf x}B \nonumber \\ &= \hat{\bf y} B v\end{align} \nonumber \], Taking endpoints 1 and 2 of the wire to be at \(y=y_0\) and \(y=y_0+l\), respectively, we obtain, \[\begin{align} V_{21} &= \int_{y_0}^{y_0+l} \left[ \hat{\bf y} B v \right] \cdot \hat{\bf y}dy \nonumber \\ &= Bvl\end{align} \nonumber \]. For small values of Formula: Magnetic field . This should be well below saturation for iron. is approximately:[2]. This voltage exists even though the force required for movement must be the same on both endpoints, or could even be zero, and therefore cannot be attributed to mechanical forces. Drawing Magnetic Field Lines: 1) Magnetic field lines always form closed loops. We are not permitting internet traffic to Byjus website from countries within European Union at this time. Derivation Reduce the length of the cord until either the balance reads maximum load or the solenoid just retains the plunger. The force of one magnetic dipole on another is determined by using the magnetic field of the first dipole given above and determining the force due to the magnetic field on the second dipole using the force equation given above. Now, we are able to determine the change in potential energy for a charged particle moving along any path in space, given the magnetic field. Requested URL: byjus.com/physics/magnetic-electric-force-charge/, User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (iPad; CPU OS 15_5 like Mac OS X) AppleWebKit/605.1.15 (KHTML, like Gecko) GSA/219.0.457350353 Mobile/15E148 Safari/604.1. We let the flux path length around the core be equal to Lf and the cross-sectional area be equal to Ax. Lorentz based on the extensive experiments of Ampere and others. Principle. Although the answers are elusive this page outlines some general principles and pointers towards specific solutions. If velocity and magnetic field are parallel or anti-parallel, then the vector product makes the force due to the magnetic field becomes zero. The field due to magnetic charges is obtained through Coulomb's law with magnetic instead of electric charges. If a loop of wire carving current is hung properly in a uniform magnetic field, then the magnetic force creates torque or torsional force on the loop which tends to rotate or turn the loop. The magnetic field which keeps on changing with respect to time is called as a variable magnetic field. The direction of the magnetic force is the direction of the charge moving in the magnetic field. A very good demonstration is the so-called catapult field experiment in which a wire carrying a d.c. current can be made to move in the field of two flat magnets. The magnetic force depends upon the charge of the particle and the velocity of the particle as well as on its magnetic field. If you have ever tried to bring a piece of iron into contact with a magnet manually then you will quite literally have a feel for the g2 term! Consult a text such as Jiles for details on correcting for demagnetizing fields. , and length The total energy is then, We need the force on the armature. (5): F y = m y 2 4 3 5 cos 2 1 sin l 4 F z = m z 2 4 3 5 cos 2 3 cos l 4. For a closed loop, Equation \ref{m0059_eVAB} becomes: \[V = \oint_{\mathcal C} \left[ {\bf v} \times {\bf B} \right] \cdot d{\bf l} \label{m0059_eVABc} \], Examination of this equation indicates one additional requirement: \({\bf v} \times {\bf B}\) must somehow vary over \(\mathcal{C}\). or symbols like '' or sequences like '&cannot;' then please accept my apologies. { "00:_Front_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "2.01:_Lorentz_Force" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "2.02:_Magnetic_Force_on_a_Current-Carrying_Wire" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "2.03:_Torque_Induced_by_a_Magnetic_Field" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "2.04:_The_Biot-Savart_Law" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "2.05:_Force,_Energy,_and_Potential_Difference_in_a_Magnetic_Field" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "zz:_Back_Matter" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()" }, { "01:_Preliminary_Concepts" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "02:_Magnetostatics_Redux" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "03:_Wave_Propagation_in_General_Media" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "04:_Current_Flow_in_Imperfect_Conductors" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "05:_Wave_Reflection_and_Transmission" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "06:_Waveguides" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "07:_Transmission_Lines_Redux" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "08:_Optical_Fiber" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "09:_Radiation" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "10:_Antennas" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "11:_Constitutive_Parameters_of_Some_Common_Materials" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "12:_Mathematical_Formulas" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()", "13:_Physical_Constants" : "property get [Map MindTouch.Deki.Logic.ExtensionProcessorQueryProvider+<>c__DisplayClass226_0.b__1]()" }, 2.5: Force, Energy, and Potential Difference in a Magnetic Field, [ "article:topic", "license:ccbysa", "showtoc:no", "transcluded:yes", "authorname:swellingson", "source[1]-eng-19551" ], https://phys.libretexts.org/@app/auth/3/login?returnto=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.libretexts.org%2FBookshelves%2FElectricity_and_Magnetism%2FBook%253A_Electromagnetics_II_(Ellingson)%2F02%253A_Magnetostatics_Redux%2F2.05%253A_Force%252C_Energy%252C_and_Potential_Difference_in_a_Magnetic_Field, \( \newcommand{\vecs}[1]{\overset { \scriptstyle \rightharpoonup} {\mathbf{#1}}}\) \( \newcommand{\vecd}[1]{\overset{-\!-\!\rightharpoonup}{\vphantom{a}\smash{#1}}} \)\(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \(\newcommand{\id}{\mathrm{id}}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\) \( \newcommand{\kernel}{\mathrm{null}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\range}{\mathrm{range}\,}\) \( \newcommand{\RealPart}{\mathrm{Re}}\) \( \newcommand{\ImaginaryPart}{\mathrm{Im}}\) \( \newcommand{\Argument}{\mathrm{Arg}}\) \( \newcommand{\norm}[1]{\| #1 \|}\) \( \newcommand{\inner}[2]{\langle #1, #2 \rangle}\) \( \newcommand{\Span}{\mathrm{span}}\)\(\newcommand{\AA}{\unicode[.8,0]{x212B}}\), Example \(\PageIndex{1}\): Potential induced in a time-varying loop, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Virginia Tech Libraries' Open Education Initiative, status page at https://status.libretexts.org. The calculation of the magnetic force between permanent magnets is based on the fact that many forces are a function of the inverse of the distance squared because the area seen by a solid angle is proportional to the inverse of the distance squared. Induced emf . Note that we still don't have a translational force (provided that the field is uniform on the scale of the rod). The motion described by \({\bf v}\) may be due to the presence of an electric field, or it may simply be that that charge is contained within a structure that is itself in motion. 0 Accessibility StatementFor more information contact us atinfo@libretexts.orgor check out our status page at https://status.libretexts.org. If we wish to find the energy density then we divide by the volume of the core material: If the magnetization curve is linear (that is we pretend B against H is a straight line, not a curve) then there is a further simplification. These are simple questions. (Unfortunately due to history, the geographic North of earth, is a magnetic-south.) The magnetic field of a magnetic dipole in vector notation is: This is exactly the field of a point dipole, exactly the dipole term in the multipole expansion of an arbitrary field, and approximately the field of any dipole-like configuration at large distances. The force obtained in the case of a current loop model is. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. R This voltage exists even though the wire is perfectly-conducting, and therefore cannot be attributed to the electric field. The flux lines prefer the iron to the air because of the higher permeability. The force has its maximum value when the current is perpendicular to the field. This gave the line, shown below, which has a slope of about 1.1. From this perspective, we see that Equation \ref{m0059_eVABc} is simply a special case of Faradays law, pertaining specifically to motional emf. Thus, the preceding example can also be solved by Faradays law, taking \(\mathcal{S}\) to be the time-varying surface bounded by \(\mathcal{C}\). The equation for the Force due to magnetic field is FB = Q (v x B) (image will be uploaded soon) What is the Force Due to Electric Field? Some problems of practical importance can be solved when the air gap between the electromagnet and the work piece is small in comparison with the field cross section. If we wish to know the work done over a larger distance, then we must account for the possibility that \({\bf v} \times {\bf B}\) varies along the path taken. The formula mentioned previously is used to calculate magnitude of the force. That is given by the rate of change of energy with gap length, We next need to find the flux density, B. BORED TEENAGERS - Vol 13 (long lost and hidden punk rock gems. French scientist Andr Marie Ampre found that the magnetism produced by permanent magnets and the magnetism produced by electromagnets are the same kind of magnetism. Which law is followed by cyclotron? For two cylindrical magnets with radius The Ampre model gives the correct magnetic flux density B both inside and outside the magnet. 0 =410 7 Tm/A. Note that these formulations assume point-like magnetic-charge distributions instead of a uniform distribution over the end facets, which is a good approximation only at relatively great distances. In other words: In the absence of a mechanical force or an electric field, the potential energy of a charged particle remains constant regardless of how it is moved by \({\bf F}_m\). There is, however, a net force which is first . It involves summing a large amount of small forces and you should not do that by hand, but let your computer do that for you; I observed, that though we are satisfied his doctrine is not true, it is impossible to refute it. The force on an individual charge moving at the drift velocity vd is given by F = qvdB sin . The direction of the magnetic force is the opposite of that of the positive charge. Magnetic force, . solution: first find magnitude of the magnetic field as below \begin {align*} b&=\sqrt {b_x^2+b_y^2}\\&=\sqrt {12^2+5^2}\\ &=13 \quad {\rm t}\end {align*} b = bx2 + by2 = 122 +52 = 13 t next calculate force on the wire using the equation of maximum magnetic force on a straight wire carrying current i i as \begin {align*} f_ {max} &=i\ell b\\ ), a measurement of the magnetic flux density very close to the magnet It follows that the magnetic force does no work on the particle; it may change the direction of the particle's movement, but it cannot cause it to speed up or slow down. Which matches the expression of the force between two magnetic dipoles. The upper conductor or wire exerts force F 1 F 1 on the lower conductor and let the magnetic field due to the current in the upper conductor be B B and this field encloses the lower conductor and exerts force on it. Substituting: Also, from the definition of flux density = Ax B so d = AxdB. The magnetic force on an isolating moving charge, such an electron, is given by the equation: F = BQv sin Where: F = force on the charge (N) B = magnetic flux density (T) Q = charge of the particle (C) v = speed of the charge (m s -1) = angle between charge's velocity and magnetic field (degrees) For example, the direction of the magnetic moment of a bar magnet, such as the one in a compass is the direction that the north poles points toward. Calculate the magnitude of magnetic force on proton. The equation for calculating the force on a wire is Force (N) = magnetic flux density (T) current (A) length (m) or, in short F = B I L. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Substituting H = B/. Or it is the amount of magnetic field or magnetic lines of force passing through a surface like conducting area, space, air, etc. Calculating the attractive or repulsive force between two magnets is, in the general case, a very complex operation, as it depends on the shape, magnetization, orientation and separation of the magnets. Both of these are modeled quite well as tiny loops of current called magnetic dipoles that produce their own magnetic field and are affected by external magnetic fields. The Equation (1) (1) can be expressed in vector form as the cross product of v v and unit vector ^r r ^, B = 0 4 qv ^r r2 (2) (2) B = 0 4 q v r ^ r 2. Substituting into equation FRS. It's assumption time again. Well designed relays use such high permeability material for the core and armature that most of the field strength produced by the coil will appear across the air gap between the core and the armature and we can ignore the reluctance of the core, pivot and armature. Equation EFB gives the energy density (joules per metre cubed). Equation EFB has on the denominator so the field energy is lower here than in the air, and the further the flux can go through the iron the lower the energy. Take a medium sized 12 volt solenoid (having a plunger about 13 mm diameter) and test this out by attaching it to a spring balance as shown in the figure here. Equation EFS above suggests that the pull of a solenoid should be related to the square of the coil current. The incremental work \(\Delta W\) done by moving the particle a short distance \(\Delta l\), over which we assume the change in \({\bf F}_m\) is negligible, is, \[\Delta W \approx {\bf F}_m\cdot\hat{\bf l}\Delta l \label{m0059_WeFdl} \]. In case of uniformly magnetized spherical magnets this model is precise even at finite size and distance, as the outside field of such magnets is exactly a dipole field.[8]. The force on the moving charge in a magnetic field is expressed by the following formula. Any component of \({\bf v}\) which is due to \({\bf F}_m\) (i.e., ultimately due to \({\bf B}\)) must be perpendicular to \({\bf F}_m\), so \(\Delta W\) for such a contribution must be, from Equation \ref{m0059_WeFdl}, equal to zero. You might need computer software such as described by Hammond in order to do it. Compare this result with the better known formula for the energy stored by a given inductance, L: A 'hand-waving' explanation might help clarify the physics. Thus, we find, \[V_T = \int_{y=0}^{l} \left[ \hat{\bf z}v \times \hat{\bf x}B \right] \cdot \hat{\bf y}dy = Bvl \nonumber \]. General Physics II. Formally, the field can be expressed as a multipole expansion: A dipole field, plus a quadrupole field, plus an octopole field, etc. {\displaystyle x} For them the internal 'demagnetizing field' leads to lower values of force than equation FRL would suggest. But from my knowledge, generally formulas derived from observations contain some proportionality constant which is not seen in this formula. , with their magnetic dipole aligned, the force can be computed analytically using elliptic integrals. Therefore magnetism is seen whenever electrically charged particles are in motion---for example, from movement of electrons in an electric current, or in certain cases from the orbital motion of electrons around an atom's nucleus. Now, for a magnetic dipole the force in a . The magnetic-charge model assumes that the magnetic forces between magnets are due to magnetic charges near the poles. This is different because we've lost symmetry. Refresh the page or contact the site owner to request access. The spring exerts a force on the armature of 0.15 newtons at the part of it opposite the air gap. Where The most elementary force between magnets is the magnetic dipoledipole interaction. R If I add a 2 mm thick piece of brass on the end of the plunger then I get: Notice that the retaining force is now much lower even though a higher coil current has been used. The flux lines will bend in the vicinity of the iron so that they will converge upon it. The following example demonstrates a practical application of this idea. is the distance between them. Due to the symmetric distribution of forces in 3D space, the y z plane ( = /2) is chosen to represent the force orientation. According to right hand rule, we can say that the magnetic field is out of paper in direction. {\displaystyle M} The presence of a magnetic field merely increases or decreases this potential difference once the particle has moved, and it is this change in the potential difference that we wish to determine. Example: A relay has a coil of 1200 turns. Here is how the Magnetic Force calculation can be explained with given input values -> 2500 = 1000*2*2.5*sin (0.5235987755982). pR - Radial winding pitch Do - Outside Diameter of Coil Di - Inside Diameter of Coild - Diameter of conductor (excluding insulation) di - Outside diameter of conductor including insulation NT - Number of turns per layer (NT=6 in the diagram) NL - Number of winding layers (NL=5 in the diagram)
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